The vampire is a monster that has both thrilled and terrified
people for hundreds of years, from sophisticated Parisian theatre-goers
to quaking Eastern European peasants. Elements of the vampire
legend are found in North and South America, Europe, and Asia
are older than Christianity. Although the modus operandi and physical
appearance may differ from culture to culture, one thing remains
constant: The vampire is an animated corpse, un-dead and kicking
through the intervention of Satan and the warm blood of his living
victims.
Few folkloric creations have survived for so long in such diverse
cultural and geographic situations, and therefore, there must
be something common to human nature to create such universality
and endurance. A Freudian interpretation of the myth can uncover
such a bond.
A strong tie to the Freudian doctrine of the oral stage of psycho-sexual
development is quite obvious. The comfort and pleasure derived
from taking nourishment through sucking is merely mutated and
certainly exaggerated in the Vampire. Would Sigmund Freud have
diagnosed Count Dracula as suffering from an oral fixation? It
is not too farfetched. A description of the "oral"
character includes a demanding attitude and dependency (on blood?)
similar to "clinging like a Vampire" if frustration
should occur during the first, sucking phase of the oral stage
of psycho-sexual development.
The blood from which the Vampire gains sustenance has definite
sexual connotations according to Freud. Blood is sexually important,
and even arousing in this case, perhaps because of it's significance
as symbolizing menstruation, or the blood shed by a virgin during
penetration (as the Vampire's fangs penetrate his victims body
during the attack). Beauty is also an element of sexuality, and
one woman, Countess Elizabeth Bathory, believed that blood was
indispensable to it's preservation.
Countess Bathory was a descendant of Prince Steven Bathory of
Transylvania, who in 1446 helped Vlad Dracula to regain the Wallachian
throne, about 100 years before her birth. She was a lesbian and
a sadist who delighted in torturing buxom, young servant girls
while her husband, the "Black Hero of Hungary", pursued
glory on the battlefield. She became involved in witchcraft, and
developed an interest in blood which soon became rather
obsessive.
The torments she inflicted on her hapless victims were specially
designed to be as bloody as possible, and she effectively employed
razors, knives, silver pinchers (custom-made) and her own teeth
to this end. Her interest in gore deepened and gained a new angle
when the once exquisitely beautiful countess found her beauty
waning and was driven by narcissism and vanity to new heights
of perversion. When one fateful day she bloodied the nose of a
servant who displeased her, she became convinced that the blood
that splashed on her face and hands had erased all lines of age.
In order to gain the full benefit of this wondrous treatment,
Elizabeth Bathory made it a habit to bathe in the blood of young
virgins and attempted to regain her youth through Vampirism. Over
a ten year period, the Blood Countess murdered over 700 women
until her deeds were finally discovered in 1610.
Freud felt that sex and death were intertwined and demonstrated
this through other's desire to preserve (render immortal) ancient
objects of beauty as Countess Bathory tried to preserve herself.
The death of many famous Vampires can be viewed from a sexual
level as well.
The most common form of death for a Vampire comes due to the reception
of a stick, knife, or stake through the heart, which can be seen
as pointed, phallic symbols. This is a ritual symbolism of sexual
penetration. The retreat back into death every morning of the
Vampire can be seen as a rebellion against birth (the new day)
and an Oedipal retreat back into the womb, symbolized by the coffin,
as Freud believed that sexual intercourse was frequently an attempt
to regain the womb, as well. Of some interest is the unusual death
of Thomas Prest's hero in the famous penny dreadful, "Varney
the Vampire" serial. The unhappy blood-sucker plunges to
his death in the gaping crater of Mount Vesuvius. The symbolism
in the case is rather obvious.
The Vampire myth underwent a great change with the transformation
of society as it became more "civilized" and Christianized.
The more sexuality was repressed in society, the more it surfaced
in Vampire literature.
Peasant lore concerning Vampires was much bloodier that that formally
depicted in literature. Instead of merely passing out lethal hickeys,
the monster frequently savaged his victims. In many languages,
the word for Vampire and Werewolf are virtually the same. It is
commonly believed that Vampires could shape-shift into wolves,
and in fact that a person who had been a werewolf in life would
become a Vampire in un-death.
While one would not bring a hideous beast such as the cadaverous,
traditional Vampire home to wilt the flowers with his fetid breath
and red-glowing eyes, the Vampire of modern fiction is normally
presented as a perfect Victorian gentleman. In Bram Stoker's classic
"Dracula", the famous Count even espouses temperance
when he declares that he "never drinks...wine."
As civilization progresses, the Vampire story picked up more and
more religious undertones, until the Pagan, mindless beast was
transformed into a thinking creature aware of his evil nature
and therefore greatly pained by the sight or touch of religious
articles. The Vampire of ancient lore was not affected by sunlight,
and was free to go about its diabolical business in broad daylight
with impunity. The modern-day Vampire, however, is not so lucky
and is adversely affected by the rays of the sun, representation
of holy salvation, and by the dawn of the twentieth century, the
heretofore unheard of discomfort and loss of powers suffered by
Stoker's Dracula have escalated until the Vampire of the German
film "Nosferatu" is completely desiccated by the sun's
purifying rays.
The "original" Vampire was easily detectable, as it
resembled in everyway a walking corpse, a zombie for all intent
and purposes. As society began to increase the repression of it's
sexuality, the evident supernatural nature of the Vampire was
also repressed until he is seen merely as a pallid, but otherwise
normal person. This is indicative of the dark side of man that
had suddenly been so utterly buried.
The last thing in the world on the ancient Vampire's numbed mind
was sensual pleasure; he was an animal, but Vampire literature
and film is more steeped in erotica than in blood.
Evident in the transformed Vampire legend is an overpowering need
to pass the buck and transfer dreaded sexual yearnings to a source
outside one's self. Previously, it had been extremely easy to
become a Vampire, in fact it was a miracle that not everyone was
un-dead. If a child jumped over your grave or a cat walked on
it, you were doomed. If a Vampire so much as looked you in the
eye, forget it. Those with red hair or blue eyes were also suspect
as was the seventh in an unbroken succession of same-sex births.
Not so, the modern literary Vampire. Apparently, in a society
that has become more complex, the road to Vampirism has become
quite simple. There seems to be just one means by which the Dark
Gift may be bestowed and that is by surrendering enough blood
to the Vampire and in turn drinking some of it's blood -- in other
words, and exchange of body fluids.
This implies that the modern day Vampire wanted to become
a Vampire and that he or she asked for it. The guilt is shifted
from the victim-for-nourishment to the one who has actually chosen
to become one of the un-dead. This is an important shifting of
guilt to the Vampire, a symbol of buried sexuality from the "victim".
The Vampire in literature is also harder to destroy than its ancestors.
While putting garlic in the mouth of the cadaver or pouring scalding
water over its grave could extinguish some Vampires, the literary
Vampire must have a stake driven through its heart, its head chopped
off, and its body burned completely to be laid to rest. Sometimes
this is not enough, as the full moon can revive the injured Vampire.
This is indicative of the fact that this buried sexuality cannot
be completely conquered, and not just a desire for sequels.
There is no denying the sexual element of modern Vampire literature.
While the old fashioned Vampire was another form of plague carrying
vermin, the new Vampire gave and received sexual pleasure. Freud
studied the phenomena of sexual arousal through sado-masochistic
action, (the Marchis de Sade himself wrote a couple of Vampire
romances: "Justine on les Malheurs de la Vertu" and
"Juliette".) and so we can safely theorize that the
Vampire not only sucks its victim's blood, but also symbolically
takes them to bed. This scene from "Dracula" illustrates
just such an event:
The girl went on her knees, and bent over me, simply gloating. There was a deliberate voluptuousness which was both thrilling and repulsive, and as she arched her neck she actually licked her lips like an animal, 'till I could see in the moonlight the moisture shining on the scarlet lips and on the red tongue as it lapped the sharp white teeth....There she paused, and I could hear the churning sound of her tongue as it licked her teeth and lips, and could feel the hot breath on my neck...I could feel the soft, shivering touch of the lips on the super-sensitive skin on my throat, and the hard dents of two sharp teeth, just touching and pausing there. I closed my eyes in languorous ecstasy and waited....waited with a beating heart.
The mindless Vampire of old had no sexual preference in his victims,
because they were mainly just food. The literary Vampire, however,
is very selective in his or her choice of victims. While most
Vampires of mainstream literature chose victims of the opposite
sex so as not to offend, evidence of such is still to be seen
in the classics.
In "Dracula", Lucy Westenra, the King Vampire's first
pupil in the new World is seen creeping about town as the "Bloofer
Lady" and carries home babies on which to feast. Universal
Picture's first sequal to "Dracula", "Dracula's
Daughter, has a heroine tempted by both a male doctor and a young
girl who works as her artist's model. Anne rice's book, Interview
with the Vampire", revolves around the seemingly platonic
but latently homosexual obsessions of it's principal main characters
Lestat and Armand for Louis, and of Louis and Letast's blatant
pedophilia toward the tiny five/hundred year old protégé,
Claudia.
The modern Vampire has become a master of seduction, which
is the operative word. The monster's "victims" are seduced,
and whatever pleasure they receive (they usually swoon from pleasure,
not pain or terror) is not a direct result of any action on his
own part, and is therefor not his "fault" and no guilt
may be attached to it.
Count Dracula is always portrayed as a lecherous man after young
girls and even Vlad the Impaler, the modern Dracula prototype,
is more of a romantic nationalist hero in his own country than
a skeleton in its closet. In the Hammer films of the 1960's and
'70's, the female vampires are always portrayed as voluptuous
wanton women laying in wait for helpless victims. This then extends
all the way down the line to "Vampirella" and "Tomb
of Dracula" pulp horror comics, and shows the great need
in the human personality from absolution of responsibility and
pressure in sexual matters.
The Vampire is an example of the ultimate in horror fixation,
but he is also the symbol of the need and desire of people to
rid themselves of their "impure" sexuality and all of
the guilt that is attached. This can be seen in the transformation
of the Vampire myth in literature.
As Dracula said in the stage version of the novel: "You fools! You think you can destroy me with your wafers and your wolf's-bane, Me, the King of my kind?! You shall see!" The same is true of the repressed emotions that he represents.